1. Steel bracing: Steel bracing involves adding steel members, such as beams or columns, to increase the load-carrying capacity of the structure. These members are strategically placed and connected to existing structural elements to provide additional support and resistance against lateral forces.
2. Reinforced concrete jacketing: Reinforced concrete jacketing is the process of adding a new layer of reinforced concrete to existing structural elements. This method improves the strength and stiffness of columns, beams, or walls, enhancing their load-bearing capacity and resistance to external forces.
3. Carbon fiber reinforcement: Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are lightweight, high-strength materials used for structural strengthening. CFRP sheets or strips are bonded to existing structural elements, such as beams or columns, to enhance their flexural or shear capacity. This method is particularly useful in situations where traditional strengthening methods are impractical or when minimal additional weight is desired.
4. Shotcreting: Shotcreting, also known as sprayed concrete, involves applying a layer of high-strength concrete onto a surface using a pneumatic spraying nozzle. It can be used to increase the thickness and strength of walls, slabs, or other structural elements, providing additional load-bearing capacity and improving resistance to external forces.
5. Post-tensioning: Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing concrete structures by placing high-strength steel tendons within the concrete and then tensioning them. This technique allows for the redistribution of internal forces, reducing bending and cracking in the structure and increasing its load-carrying capacity.
6. Adding additional supports: In some cases, adding new structural supports, such as columns, braces, or walls, may be necessary to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the structure or redistribute loads more efficiently. This method is commonly employed when there is a need to accommodate increased loads or address deficiencies in the original design.
7. Foundation underpinning: Foundation underpinning involves strengthening or stabilizing the foundation of a structure to improve its load-bearing capacity and prevent settlement or structural failure. This can be achieved by excavating and adding additional foundation elements or by using methods like micropiles, jet grouting, or soil injection.

It's important to note that structural strengthening is a complex process that requires careful assessment and analysis by structural engineers. The selection of the appropriate strengthening method depends on factors such as the type and condition of the structure, the specific loading requirements, and the goals of the strengthening project. Professional guidance and expertise should be sought to ensure the effective and safe implementation of structural strengthening measures.